After the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, was created under the leadership of MS Hruschewsky the Zentralrada (“Zentralna Rada”) as the Ukrainian parliament. Its general secretariat was formed by the state government, which was mainly supported by the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries. In June 1917 the Central Rada proclaimed autonomy and – after it had proclaimed a “Ukrainian People’s Republic” on November 20, 1917, which had faced a Bolshevik Soviet government in Kharkiv since December 1917 – independence of Ukraine on January 22, 1918. This process of political radicalization in 1917/18 was essentially related to the non-recognition of Ukrainian autonomy and sovereignty by the Provisional Government in Petrograd and by the Bolsheviks, as well as by national mobilization since the collapse of tsarist rule. The Ukrainian representatives took part in the peace negotiations of Brest-Litovsk between the Central Powers and Bolshevik Russia and on February 9, 1918 concluded a separate peace with the Central Powers in which the state independence of Ukraine was recognized. After the conquest of Kiev by Bolshevik troops (February 8, 1918), the state government had to give way to the Bolsheviks. In February and March 1918 German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied the Ukraine and pushed the Bolsheviks back again. On April 29, 1918, national conservative forces reintroduced the hetmanate with the support of the German occupying power. After the withdrawal of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops, he became the hetman 1918 a separate peace with the Central Powers, in which the state independence of Ukraine was recognized. After the conquest of Kiev by Bolshevik troops (February 8, 1918), the state government had to give way to the Bolsheviks. In February and March 1918, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied the Ukraine and pushed the Bolsheviks back again. On April 29, 1918, national conservative forces reintroduced the hetmanate with the support of the German occupying power. After the withdrawal of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops, he became the hetman 1918 a separate peace with the Central Powers, in which the state independence of Ukraine was recognized. After the conquest of Kiev by Bolshevik troops (February 8, 1918), the state government had to give way to the Bolsheviks. In February and March 1918, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied the Ukraine and pushed the Bolsheviks back again. On April 29, 1918, national conservative forces reintroduced the hetmanate with the support of the German occupying power. After the withdrawal of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops, he became the hetman In February and March 1918, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied the Ukraine and pushed the Bolsheviks back again. On April 29, 1918, national conservative forces reintroduced the hetmanate with the support of the German occupying power. After the withdrawal of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops, he became the hetman In February and March 1918, German and Austro-Hungarian troops occupied the Ukraine and pushed the Bolsheviks back again. On April 29, 1918, national conservative forces reintroduced the hetmanate with the support of the German occupying power. After the withdrawal of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops, he became the hetman P. P. Skoropadsky fell on December 14, 1918 and emigrated. At the head of a board of directors of the Ukrainian People’s Republic came the national democratically oriented SW Petljura .
According to itypejob, on January 22, 1919, the Directory announced the unification of the Ukrainian People’s Republic with “Western Ukraine” (Eastern Galicia), which on November 13, 1918 had proclaimed itself the “Western Ukrainian People’s Republic”. On February 5, 1919, the Red Army took Kiev again and the Directory had to give way. After the Bolshevik troops had been driven out of Ukraine again by White Guards under A. I. Denikin in the summer of 1919, they recaptured the area at the end of 1919 (on December 6, Kiev). One last attempt to oust the Bolsheviks from Ukraine and to enforce an independent Ukrainian state was made by Petlyura through an alliance with Poland (April 21, 1920) renouncing western Ukraine. After initial successes by the allied Poles and Ukrainians in Polish-Soviet War (on May 7th, 1920 capture of Kiev), Poland fell to its Ukrainian allies after military setbacks. During the civil war, peasant uprising movements also played an important role in the Ukraine (including the tens of thousands of partisan units under N. I. Makhno , only eliminated by the Red Army in 1921). In 1919 and 1920 a wave of pogroms was directed against Jews (over 30,000 dead). In the Peace of Riga in 1921, Poland and Bolshevik Russia divided Ukraine among themselves. The Carpatho-Ukraine fell to Czechoslovakia already in 1919/20.
Mychailo Hruschewsky
Hruschewsky, Hruševs’kyj [- ʃ -], Mychailo, Russian Michail Sergejewitsch Gruschewski, Ukrainian historian, * Chełm September 29, 1866, † Kislowodsk November 25, 1934; Son of a teacher and school inspector; 1894–1914 Professor of Eastern European History in Lemberg, from 1897 head of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, since 1907 President of the Ukrainian Society of Sciences in Kiev. Hruschewsky is the most important Ukrainian historian, he created a multi-volume Ukrainian national history and dealt with almost all areas of Ukrainian history and literature. He developed the ethnically oriented conception of history of Volodymyr Antonowytsch (* 1834, † 1908), with whom he had studied in Kiev, was also influenced by the federal ideas of the historian Mykola Kostomarov (* 1817, † 1885) influenced. Increasingly politicized by the revolution of 1905 in Russia and the electoral reform of 1907 in the Habsburg Monarchy, he took a liberal or national-democratic position and linked the Ukrainian national movement in Galicia (Habsburg Empire) and Russia. 1914-17 he was in Russian imprisonment and exile. As President of the Central Rada (1917/18) he proclaimed an autonomous, then independent Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1917 and opened up to social revolutionary positions. From 1919 emigrated to Prague and Vienna, he returned to the Academy of Sciences in Kiev in 1924, but without supporting communist rule. After 1927 the pressure on Hruschewsky increased; from 1931 he lived in Moscow. – His work has been suppressed in the Soviet Union since the Stalin era.
